UR     OWN" 


PRIMARY  GRAMMAR, 


FOR     THE 


USE    OF   BEGINNERS. 


BY    CHAHLTSS     W.  SMYTHE,  JL.  M., 

AUTHOR    OF     "  OUR     OW"     SCHOOL     GRAMMAR,"      AND 

PRINCIPAL   OF   TTIE   LEXINGTON   ENGLISH 

AND      CLASSICAL      SCHOOL. 


SECOND    EDITION, 


GREENSBORO,  N.  C: 

STERLING.     CAB  D    ALBR 


TIDCY  8i  , 

Booksellora 

Station 


BRO. 
and 


THE 

WILLIAM  R.  PERKINS 

LIBRARY 

OF 
DUKE  UNIVERSITY 


Rare  Books 


OUE     O  W  tst 


PRIMARY     GRAMMAR, 


FOR     TJIK 


USE    OF   BEGINNERS. 


BY    CHARLES    W.  SMYTHE,  A..  M., 

AUTHOR    OF      "  OUR     OWN      SCHOOL     GRAMMAR,"      AND 

PRINCIPAL   OF    THE   LEXINGTON    ENGLISH 

AND     CLASSICAL     SCHOOL. 


SECOND    EDITION, 


GREENSBORO,  N.  0.: 
.,  Campbell  and  albbiqht. 

Hi.  White. 

1   g 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress, 

in  the  year  1861, 

By   C.   W.   SMYTHE, 

in  f-.he  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Confederate 

States,  for  the  District  of  Pamlico, 

North  Carolina. 


#394 


PREFACE 

TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


In  preparing  this  little  book,  now,  for  the  second  time, 
presented  to  the  pnblic,  my  object  has  been  to  state  only 
the  most  simple  facts  of  the  language,  and  to  adapt  them 
to  the  understanding  of  children. 

I  have  omitted  everything  not  essential  to  that  end ; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  I  have  striven  to  make  it  conform 
to  the  highest  standards  of  the  science. 

The  reader  is  referred  to  the  higher  books  in  the  series, 
of  which  this  forms  a  part,  on  all  points,  needing  further 
explanation. 

In  this  edition  I  have  made  such  changes  and  correc- 
tions as  experience,  the  suggestions  of  others,  and  further 
study,  have  dictated. 

I  should  be  happy  to  receive  additional  suggestions  that, 
in  future  editions,all  possible  improvements  may  be  made 

C.  W.  8MYTHE. 

Lexington.  N.  C,  July  1862. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  TEACHERS. 


1.  Let  each  lesson  be  thoroughly  learned  and  applied 
before  passing  to  the  next. 

2.  Let  the  pupil  be  required  to  write  upon  his  slate 
or  the  blackboard,  daily,  exercises  upon  each  lesson  and 
fact  stated. 

3.  Let  hiui  take  his  reading  book,  and  point  out 
nouns,  verbs,  and  so  forth,  as  they  may  be  assigned. 

4.  Let  him  be  habituated  to  give  the  reasons  for  ev- 
erything, either  in  the  forms  given  or  in  such  as  the 
teacher's  own  judgment  may  suggest. 

5.  Make  yourself,  as  far  as  possible,  master  of  the 
subject,  that  you  may  be  able  from  your  own  resources 
to  illustrate  and  explain  the  subjects  of  the  lesson. 


OUR      OWN 


PRIMARY     GRAMMAR, 


LESSON  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

1.  If  we  wish  to  say  or  write  anything  to  each  other, 
we  make  use  of  w  o  r  d  s  . 

2.  Words  are  like  pictures.  If  I  show  you  a 
picture  of  a  horse,  or  a  dog,  you  will  instantly  think  of 
the  animal,  and  the  picture  tells  you,  as  it  were,  a 
short  story. 

3.  So,  if  you  hear  the  word  horse,  or  see  it  in  a  book. 
you  think  at  once  of  the  animal  called  by  that  name. 

4.  Thus  the  spoken  or  written  word  is  a 
picture  to  the  mind  of  some  thing  or  action. 

5.  We  know  there  are  a  great  many  word's,  yet  all 
have  something  to  tell  us,  just  as  these  have. 

6.  If  we  go  i  .to  a  garden,  we  may  find  a  great  man) 
flowers  and  plants.  But,  if  we  look  carefully  at  them, 
^e  shall  find  that  there  are  but  few  kinds  of  flowers. 
One  kind  may  be  roses,  another  tulips,  and  so  on. 


d  GRAMMAR. 

7.  £  with  words.     They  all    come    into   a   few 
classes. 

me  words  fcell  us    what  the  names    of   things   are, 
others  what,  tl  doing,  others  still,  tell  what  kind 

of  things  they  are,  or  how  they  do  anything. 

8.  Learning  about  such  things  as    these    is   studying 
Grammar. 

Grammar  tells  us  about  words. 


LESSON  [I. 

NOUNS. 

1).  Such  words  as  James,  Susan,  Mary,  Charles. 
chair,  table,  box,  we  know,  are  n  a  m  e  s  of  persons  or 
things. 

•  a  great  many  words  that  are  names. 

10.  The  word  noun  means  name. 
We  call  names  nouns. 

11.  Remember  now  that:- 

A    Noun    is    t  h  e    n  a  m  e    of    a  n  y    p  e  r  a 
place,    or    thing. 

Point  out  the  nouns  in  these  exercises  and  tell  why 
they  are  nouns,  in  this*Way  : — James  is  a  noun,  because 
it  is  a  name. 

EXERCISES. 

J&mes.  Thomas.  Susan.  Chair.  Table.  Box. 
Desk.  Ink.  Mary  reads.  The  cat  mews.  The  dog 
barks.     Horses  run. 

Pointing  out  words  in  this  way  is  called  p  a  r  s  i  n  //  . 


PROPOSITIONS 


Write  any  nouri3  that  you  can  think  of  on  your  slates 
or  the  blackboard. 


LESSON  III. 

VERBS. 

12.  When  I  say  "  John  reads,"  "Mary sings,"  John 
and  Mary  I  know  are  nouns,  because  they  arc  names. 

13.  Reads  and  sings  are  not  names,  but  they  tell 
-what  is  done.     They  are  called  verbs. 

14.  Some  verbs,  like  reads*  tell  what  is  done,  others, 
like  is,  are,  and  was,  declare  that  something  is. 

15.  To  a  s  s  e  r  t  means  to  tell,  to  declare  ;  hence  we 
may  say  that : — 

A  verb  is    a   w  o  r  d    that   shows    w  h  a  t 
or    is  done,  or    asserts  something. 

EXERCISES. 

Point  out  the  nouns  and  verbs  in  this  way  : — Horse 
is  a  noun,  because  it  is  a  name.  Runs  is  a  verb,  be- 
cause it  asserts  something. 

The  horse  runs.  Rain  tails.  Snow  melts.  Water 
flows.     Flowers  bloom.     Roses  fade. 


LESSON  TV. 

PROPOS] 

10.  In  "Johnrnns,"  John  shows    who    does   some- 
thing me  what  he  does. 

'  ••      •  iled  the  subject,   runs   tl 


8  '  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

17.  The  subject  is  that  of  which  something  is 
said;  as,  John,  in  "John  runs." 

18.  The  predicate  is  that  which  is  said  of  the 
subject;  as,  runs,  in  "John  runs." 

19.  A  proposition  consists  of  a  subject  and  pred- 
icate making  good  sense. 

Point  out  the  subjects  and  predicates,  nouns  and 
verbs,  in  these  propositions. 

Do  it  in  every  lesson. 

Model.  John  runs.  John  is  the  subject,  because  it 
is  that  of  which  something  is  said.  Runs  is  the  predi- 
cate, it  is  that  which  is  said  of  the  subject.  John  is  a 
noun,  it  is  a  name.  Runs  is  a  verb,  it  asserts  some- 
thing. 

EXERCISES. 

John  runs.  The  horse  neighs.  The  wind  blows.  The 
trees  move.  The  grass  grows.  The  moon  rises.  Ap- 
ples fall.     Water  runs. 


LESSON  Y 

PRONOUNS. 

20.  I  may  say  "John  runs,"  or  "He  runs;"  "Mary 
sings,"  or  "  She  sings." 

The  words  he  and  she  stand  for  John  and  Mary. 

21.  They  are  called  pronouns,  because  they  stand  for 
nouns. 

The  word  pronoun  means  for  a  noun. 

22.  A  Pronoun  is  a  word  that  stands  for 
a  noun. 


ADJECTIVES.  9 

Point  out  in  these  exercises,  the  nouns,  pronouns, 
verbs,  subjects,  and  predicates. 

Model.  John  obeys  his  parents.  His  is  a  pronoun, 
because  it  stands  for  a  noun,  and  it  relates  to  John. 

EXERCISES. 

John  reads  his  book.  Mary  studies  her  lesson.  James 
loves  his  parents.  The  cows  feed  in  their  pasture.  The 
horses  draw  wagons,  carts,  ploughs,  and  harrows. 


LESSON   VI. 

ADJECTIVES. 

23.  When  I  say  "  The  apple  is  sweet,"  sweet  shows 
what  kind  of  an  apple  it  is  or  describes  it. 

24.  Words  which  describe  are  called  adjectives ;  as 
"The  tree  is  tatt."    "The  hill  is  High"    "A  red  rose/' 

Tall,  high,  and  red,  are  adjectives. 

25.  An  Adjective  is  a  wordjoined  to  a 
noun  or  pronoun  to  describe  it. 

Point  out  in  each  lesson  all  the  things  you  have  learn- 
ed, and  give  reasons  for  everything. 
Write  out  exercises  of  your  own. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  The  apple  is  sweet.  Sweet  is  an  adjective, 
because  it  describes  apple. 

The  rose  is  red.  The  mountain  is  high.  The  ocean 
is  broad.  A  sweet  apple.  A  tall  tree.  A  stone  wall. 
The  cold  wind  blows. 


10  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

LESSON  VII. 

CLASSES    OF    NOUNS. 

26.  The  'word  city  applies   to   all    cities.     The  word 
-  r,  to  all  rivers  ;  man,  to  all  men. 

But  Richmond,  the  Potomac,  James,  are  particular 
names  of  single  cities,  rivers,  and  men. 

27.  There  are  two  classes  of  nouns ;  common  and 
proper. 

28.  A  0  o  m  m  o  n  noun  is  a  general  name  of  a  whole 
class  of  objects  ;  as,  man,  city,  river,  tree. 

A  Proper  noun  is  a  particular  name  of  a  sin- 
gle person  or  thing;  as,  John,  Norfolk,  Yadkin. 

This  division  applies  properly  only  to  those  objects 
that  may  form  classes. 

30.  The  names  of  objects,  like  goodness,  sweetness, 
love,  hatred,  which  have  no  bodily  existence,  are  called 
Abstract  nouns. 

31.  Nouns  that  signify  many  things  taken  as  one 
whole,  are  called  collective  nouns ;  as,  people,  nation, 
army. 

The  names  of  persons  with  their  titles  are  called 
Complex  nouns;  as,  JLvt.  Thos.  Muffin,  )/r.  James 
Brown. 

Model.  London  is  a  great  city.  London  is  a  noun, 
it  is  a  name  ;  proper,  it  is  a  particular  name,  and  is  the 
subject  of  is.  City  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  ;  common,  it 
is  a  general  name. 


NUMBER.  11 


Paris  is  the  capital  of  France.  Bonaparte  saw  the 
burning  of  Moscow.  The  Amazon  is  a  mighty  river. 
The  rose  is  a  beautiful  flower. 


LESSON  VIII. 


NUMBER. 


33.  We  may  say  boy,  boys;  man,  men;  horse,  horses. 
Boy  means  one  boy  ;  boys,  more  than  one. 

This  difference  is  called  in  Grammar  number. 

34.  N  u  m  b  e  r  shows  whether  one,  or  more  than  one, 
is  meant. 

It  belongs  in  English  to  nouns,  pronouns,  and    verbs. 

35.  There  are  two  numbers,  singular  and  plural. 

36.  The  singular  denotes  but  one. 
The  plural  denotes  more  than  one. 

37.  The  plural  of  most  nouns  is  formed  by  adding  * 
to  the  singular;  as,  boy,  boys;  horse,  horses. 

38.  Where  the  s  added  to  the  word  would  be  hard  to 
pronounce,  es  is  added;  as,  lash,  lashes;  fox,  foxes; 
church,  ehurehes. 

39.  The  letters  a, «?,  i,  <?,  u ,  are  called  vowels. 
The  rest  are  called   consonants. 

40.  A  few  nouns  form  their  plurals  by  changing  the 
vowel;  as,  man,  men  ;  goose,  geese  ;  foot,  feet;  mouse, 
mice. 

Some  add  en  ;    as,  ox,  oxen. 

41.  Some  are  found  only  in   the   singular  ;  as,    gold, 
r,  wheat,  wisdom. 


L2  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

42.  Some  are  foun.l  only  in  the  plural;  as,  ashen, 
dregs,  embers,  goods,  bellows,  scissors. 

43.  Some  are  found  both  in  the  singular  and  plural ; 
as,  deer,  sheep. 

Form  the  plural  of  these  nouns  : — boy,  girl,  chair, 
table,  desk,  book,  inkstand,  pen,  man,  goose,  foot,  fox, 
mouse,  lash,  miss,  church. 

What  number  are  these  nouns  and  why  ? — Man,  boys, 
girl,  men,  books,  guns,  top,  churches,  dishes,  mouse, 
lice,  annals,  iron,  wheat,  deer. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  The  horse  runs.  Horse  is  a  noun,  it  is  a 
name ;  common,  it  is  a  general  name ;  singular  number, 
it  means  but  one,  and  it  is  the  subject  of  runs. 

My  horse  trots.  Your  horse  is  large.  My  books  are 
new.     Those  cows  are  fine. 


LESSON  IX. 


PERSON. 


44.  We  say,  I  run,  You  run,  He  runs,  or  John  runs. 
I  is  the  speaker,  you  the  one  spoken  to,   he  or  John 

the  one  spoken  of. 

45.  This  distinction  is  called  person. 

There  are  three  persons  ;  first,  second,  and  third. 

46.  The   first   person  denotes  the  speaker. 

The   second   person  denotes  the  one  spoken  to. 
The   third   person  denotes  the  one  spoken  of. 

47.  Nouns  are  generally  in  the  third  person. 


GENDER.  13 

lis  always  first ;  you  second;  he,  she,  and    it    third. 
Verbs  have  the  three  persons  to  agree  with    the    sub- 
ject. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  John  sings.  John  is  a  proper  noun,  it  is  a 
particular  name;  third  person,  spoken  of;  singular 
number,  it  means  but  one,  and  is  the  subject  of  sings. 
Sings  is  a  verb,  it  is  used  to  assert,  third  person,  singu- 
lar number  to  agree  with  its  subject  John,  by 

Rule  II.    The   verb   must  agree  with  its  subject   in ' 
number  and  person. 

Mary  plays.  The  apple  falls.  The  sun  is  bright. 
Susan  reads  her  book.  Thomas  flies  his  kite.  John 
strikes  his  ball. 


LESSOR  X. 

GENDER. 

48.  All  living  things  are  divided  into  two  classes, 
males   and  females. 

This  distinction  is  called  sex. 

49.  All  nouns  are  divided  into  three  classes  ;  those 
that  are  names  of  males,  those  that  are  names  of  fe- 
males, and  those  that  are  neither  male  nor  female. 

This  distinction  is  called  Gender. 

50.  Gender  is  a  distinction  of  nouns  in  regard  t<» 
sex. 

There  aiv  three  genders;  masculine,  femi- 
nine,   and   neuter. 


14  KN G U sif   GRAMMAR. 

The  name  of  m  a  1  c  %   are    m  a  s  c  u  1  i  n  e  . 

The  name-  m  a  1  e  t   are   f  c  m  i  n  i  n  e  . 

Th  g  8  w  i  t  li  o  u  t  J  if  e  are  neu- 

ter.   The  word  neuter  means  neither. 

52.  A  few  nouns  like  parent,  cousin,  deer,  sheep,  may 
be  either  masculim  minine. 

They  are  Borne  times  sail  to  be  of  the  common  gender. 
If  their  gender  is  not  known,  they  may  be  parsed  as 
u  of  the  masculine  or  feminine  gender." 

EXERCISES, 

Model.  John  studies  his  lesson.  John  is  a  proper 
n,  it  is  a  particular  name;  masculine  gender,  it  is 
the  name  of  a  male  ;  third  person,  it  is  spoken  of;  sin- 
ar  number,  it  means  but  one,  and  is  the  subject  of 
studies.  His  is  a  pronoun,  it  stands  for  a  noun  ;  mas- 
culine gender  ;  third  person  ;  singular  number  to  agree 
with  John,  by 

Rule  IX.    P  r  o  n  <>  u  v  s   agree  with  their  nouns  in 

■    ■  \  r,  and  pen 
John  reads  his    hook,   lie  studies   Arithmetic.  Mary 
playe  upon   the   piano.     Jane   loves    her  books.     The 
green  grass  grows  in  the  fields. 


LESSON  X). 


CASES. 


.r)3.  I  say  "John  runs."  "John's  horse  runs." 
"  James  teaches  John."  Here  John  appears  in  three 
ways,  or  relations. 


CASES  lft 

These   relations    are  called  cases. 

54.  Case  is  the  relation  that  nouns  and  pronouns 
have  to  other  words  in  the  same  sentence. 

55.  In  "John  runs,"  John  is  the  subject  and  is  in 
the  nominative  case. 

In  "John's  horse  runs,"  John's  denotes  the  possessor 
and  is  in  the  possessive  case. 

In  "  James  teaches  John,"  John  is  the  object  of  the 
verb  teaches,or  the  person  acted  on,  and  is  in  the  objec- 
tive case. 

56.  The  Nominative  case  is  the  subject  of  the 
verb. 

The  Possessive  case  denotes  possession,  ori- 
gin, or  fitness  ;  as,  "  John's  hat."  "The  sun's  rays." 
"  Men's  shoes." 

The   Objective    case  is  the  object  of  the  verb. 

57.  When  a  person  or  thing  is  addressed,  the  noun  is 
in  the   Vocative   case. 

58.  To  decline  is  to  give  the  cases,  numbers,  and  per- 
son 

59.  Nouns  are  thus  declined: — 

Singular.  Plural. 

Nominative   Boy,  Noyn.  Boys, 

Possessive     Boy 'a,  Poss.  Bo\ 

Object  1>>  Ob/.     Boj 

Decline  girl,  bird,  box,  hand. 

Model,     t  Susan  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  di 


16  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

feminine  gender,  it  is  the  name  of  a  female  ;  third  per- 
son, spoken  of ;  singular  number,  it  means  but  one; 
nominative  case,  it  is  the  subject  of  reads,  by 

Rule  I.  The  subject  of  the  verb  is  put  in  the 
nominative   case. 

James  studies.  The  wind  blows.  Water  flows.  Ap- 
ples fall.  Roses  bloom.  Horses  run.  The  Saviour 
lives. 


LESSON  XII. 

FORMATION    OF    THE    CASES    OF    NOUNS. 

60.  The  nominative  and  objective  cases  have  the  same 
form. 

61.  The  Possessive  case  is  formed  by  adding  the 
apostrophe  (')  and  letter  ^  to  the  singular  ;  as,  "  John's 
hat." 

62.  When  the  8  cannot  be  easily  pronounced  with  the 
word,  the  apostrophe  only  is  added  :  as,  "Moses'  seat." 
''Thetis'  son."     "For  conscience'  sake." 

63.  When  the  plural  ends  in  s,  the  apostrophe  only 
is  added  ;  as,  "Boys'  play." 

When  it  does  not  end  in  8,  the  s  and  apostrophe  are 
both  added  ;  as,  "  Men's  shoes." 

64.  Form  the  possessive  case  of  these  nouns  : — Man, 
Tree,  Girl,  Horse,  William,  Thomas,  Susan,  Mary,  Cow, 
Horses,  Boys,  Girls.     Decline  these  words. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.     Mary's  book  is  new.     Mary's  is   a   proper 


ADJECTIVE  IT 

■  a,  a  particular  name;  feminine  gender,  the  name  of 
a  female  ;  third  person,    spoken    of;  singular    number. 
means  but  one;  possessive-  ease,  denotes  possession  and 
limits  book,  by 

Rule  V.  A  n  o  u  n  o  r  p  r  o  n  o  un  I  i  m  i  f  i  n  g  an- 
other noun,  denoting  a  different  person  or  thing,  is  put 
in    the  posse ssiv  e   case. 

John's  father  came.  His  horse  is  white.  The  ele  • 
chant's  skin  is  thick.     Ellen's  cousin  has  come. 


LESSON   XIII 


ADJECTIVES. 


65*  I  say  a  good  man.  a  tall  man,  this  man,  that  man. 
Good  and  taU  describe  man.  This  and  that  point  out 
which  one  is  meant. 

They  are  all    a  d  j  e  c  t  i  v  c  s  . 

66.  An  Adjective  is  a  word  joined  to  a  noun  oi 
pronoun  to  describe  or  define  it. 

67.  There  are  two  kinds  of  adjectives  ;  descriptive 
and  definitive. 

68.  D  e  sari  p  t  i  v  e    adjectives  describe  nouns    !>;• 
pointing  out  their  qualiti  .  "A  good    man." 
hind  man.' 

69.  Adjectives  derived  from  proper  nam 

proper  adjectives.     They  should  begin    with    capital    or 
Large  letters;  as.  Roman,  American. 

70.  D  ef  ini  t  i  v  i  ctivea  define  or  limit  nouns. 
by  pointing  out  which  one.  or  how  many  ;  as.  this  man. 
that  n\            h  man.  ten  men. 


U  ENGLISH     GRAMMAR. 

KXERCISES. 

Model.  Sweet  is  a  descriptive  adjective,  it  is  a  word 
joined  to  a  noun  to  describe  it,  and  belongs  to  apples,  by 

Rule  VI.  A  dj  c  c  t  i  v  e  g   modify   the  nouns   which 

u  describe  or  define. 

Table  is  a  common  noun,  a  general  name;  neuter  gen- 
der, neither  male  nor  female  ;  third  person,  spoken  of; 
singular  number,  means  but  one ;  and  objective  case,  it 
is  the  object  of  strikes,  by 

Rule  X.  The  object  of  the  transitive  verb  is  put 
in  the  objective  case. 

The  apple  is  sweet.  James  strikes  the  table.  The 
strong  wind  overturns  the  trees.  Large  deep  rivers 
float  long  heavy  rafts. 


LESSON  XIV. 

CLASSES    OF   ADJECTIVES    CONTINUED. 

71.  Definitive  adjectives  are  divided  into  N  u  - 
m  e  r  a  1  and  P  f  o  n  o  m  i  n  a  1   adjectives. 

72.  The  N  u  m  c  r  a  1  s  arc  those  used  in  counting  ; 
as,  one,  two. 

78.  Pronominal  adjectives  are  those  that,  when 
used  with  nouns,  are  a  d  j  e  c  t  i  v  e  s  ;  when  used  with- 
out, are  pronouns;  as,  "  This  man."  Here  this  is 
an  adjective.     ;;  This  is  mine."     Here  this  is  a  pronoun. 

74.  The  N  u  in  e  r  a  1  adjectives  are  divided  into  car- 
dinals, and    ordinals. 

75.  The  c  a  r  d  i  n  a  1  s  show  how  many  are  meant ;  as, 
■fme,  two,  three. 


€OMPARI«>N    OF   ADJECTIVES,  if 

76.  The  ordinals  show  which  ones  are  meant ;  as, 
first,  second,  third. 

77.  Pr  on  om  in  al  adjectives  are  divided  into  de- 
monstratives, distributives,  and  mdefinii 

78.  The  demonstratives  are  this,  that,  these, 
those,  former,  latter.  They  point  out  precisely  which 
are  meant 

79.  The  distributives  are  each,  every,  either •, 
and  neither.  They  point  out  separately  :  each  man, 
°,ach  separate  man, 

80.  The  indefinites  are  some,  one,  all,  such,  no, 
none,  same,  several,  other,  another,  many,  few,  $c. 
They  point  out  no  particular  person  or  thing. 

KXERCISES. 

Model.  This  man  is  talL  This  is  a  definitive  adjec- 
tive, demonstrative  kind,  it  defines  precisely  what  is 
meant ;   it  defines  man,  by  Rule  VI. 

81.  Remark.  Definitives  must  agree  with  their 
nouns  in  number. 

This  excellent  little  boy  respects  all  other  good  boys. 
Studious  girls  like  fine,  new  books.  That  famous  Roman 
general  conquered  several  Grecian  generals- 

Each  flying  soldier  sought  some   secure    hiding-place. 


LESSON    XV. 

COMPAElSi, 

82.  I  may  say,  this  man  is  fall,  that  man  is  taller,  but 
James  is  the  tallest 


BNOLISH    (.HAMMAIi. 

Here  t!  \  different  degrees  of  height ; 

Listmction    is    called   in    Grammar 

degrees  of  comparison  ;    p  o  a  i 
c  o  in  p  a  rati  v  e  ,    and    superlative. 
84.   T  i  t  i  v  e    describes  without  comparison  ; 

■  John  is  tall" 

jompara.tive    makes  a  comparison  be- 
two  ;  as,  '"John  is  taller  than  Jam- 
The    s  u  p  e  r  1  a  t  i  v  e    makes  a  comparison   be- 
en thre  .  "John  is    the    tallest   of   the 
fa»il 

87.   The  c  o  m  p  a  r  a  t  i  v  e  degree  is  formed  by  add- 
:  r  or  er  to  the  positive. 

The  s  u  p  e  r  1  a  t  i  v  e  is  formed  by  adding  st  or  est  tc 
posith 

Adjectives  are  thus  compared : — Positive  small, 
iparative  smaller,  superlative  smallest. 
Y  is  ch  into  2  before   er,    and   esi ;  as,    happy. 

)ier,  ha 

(  ompare  maimer,  high,  pretty,  low,  green, 

at,  soar,  heavy,  t«U. 
The  comparative  degree  is  usually  followed   by   than. 
and  a  noun  in  the  alive  to  a  verb  understood;  as 

"Wisdom  is  better  than  rubies  [are]." 

I..M 

Model.  Thomas  is  taller  than  James.  Taller  is  an 
adjective,  a  word  joined  to  a  noun  to  modify  it ;  descrip- 
tive, it  describes  Thomas  ;  comparative  degree,  it  makes 


UPARISON   OF   AO.TR. 

•a  comparison  between  two,  and  belongs  to    Thomas,    by 
Rule  VI. 

Wisdom  is  better  than  rubies.      Platinum    is    heavier 
than  gold;  it  is  the  heaviest  of  the    metals.     The    I 
and  wisest  men  are  sometimes  wrong. 


LESSON    XVI 


COMPARISON    CONTINUED. 


90.  Most  long  adjectives  are  compared  by  the  helpo: 
more  and  most,  or  less  and  least;  as  pleasant,  more 
pleasant,   most  pleasant ;  industrious,    less   industrious, 

<r  industrious. 

91.  Some  adjectives  are  wanting  in  some  of  the  de- 
grees,  which  arc  supplied  by  other  wor 


<itive. 

Comparat.' 

Su2 

Good, 

better, 

Bad,  ill,  or 

evil, 

wor 

WOT 

Much,  or  many. 

more, 

most. 

Little. 

le 

leaf 

The  besl  men  are  not  the  most  successful. 

The  worst  men  ai  aful.      '     •     ly  is  the 

Lest  poliry.     Truth  i  m  fiction. 


ZXGLTSfl    GRAMMAR 

LESSON  XVJ1. 

ARTICL!> 

92.  The  words  a  or  an,  and  the  are  called  a  r  t  i  c  I  e  s  ; 

93.  A  or  an  is  called  the  indefinite  article, 
The  is  called  the  definite   article. 

94.  The  noun  without  the  article  is  used  in  its  widest 
sense.      Man   means   all  men,  the  race  of  men. 

A  ?nan  means  one  man,  but  no  particular  man.. 
The  man   means  a  particular   man,   who   was    knowft 
before. 

95.  A  is  used  before  consonant  sounds  only.     An  i& 
used  before  vowel  sounds. 

96.  A  or  an  is  used  with    singular   nouns,    the   with 
singular  or  plural. 

Correct  these  exercises. 

A  inkstand.    A  apple.    A  hour.    A  ounce.    An  horse. 
An  high  hill.     A  industrious  man. 

97.  The  indefinite  article  limits  nouns,  by 

Rule  VII.    The  indefinite  article  limits  nouns  in    the 
singular  number. 

98.  The  definite  article,  by 

Rule  VIII.    The  definite  article   limits  nouns  in  the 
singular  or  plural  number. 


LESSON   XVIII. 

PRONOUNS. 

99.  Pronouns  are  divided  into   Personal,   Rela- 


PRONOUNS.  V. 

tive,   Interrogative,   Possessive,   and   De- 
finitive pronouns. 

100.  Personal  pronouns  are  those  which  always 
represent  the  same  person. 

They  show  what  person  they  are  in  hy  their  form. 

101.  They  are  I,  thou  or  you,  he,  she,  and  it. 

I  represents  the  first  person ;  thou  or  you,  the  second ; 
he,  she,  and  it,  the  third.  He  is  masculine  ;  she  femi- 
nine ;  it  neuter. 

102.  They  are  thus  declined  : — ■ 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Horn.         JPoss.         Obj.      Norn.         Poss.         Obj. 


I, 

m.v> 

me ; 

We, 

our, 

us. 

Thou, 

thy, 

thee  ; 

You, 

your. 

you. 

He, 

his, 

him  ; 

They, 

their. 

them. 

She, 

her, 

her  : 

They, 

their, 

them. 

It, 

its, 

it; 

They, 

their, 

them. 

HXERCISKS. 

Model.  John  studies,  he  will  excel.  He  is  a  pro- 
noun, it  stands  for  a  noun  ;  pereoial,  it  shows  which  per- 
son is  meant ;  masculine  gender,  third  person,  singula] 
to  agree  with  John,  hy  Rule  IX. 

My  horse  is  stronger  than  your  uncle's  horse.  They 
saw  us.  We  respect  our  friend-.  Thou,  God,  secst  me. 
He  knew  its  faults.     My  uncle  cam  ir  house. 


MMAR 

LKS80N    XIX. 

NOUNS. 

103.  ••The  boy,  who  studies,  will    learn."      Who  ro- 
se to  boy  and  stands  for  it.     It  also  connects    li  Who 

studies''  witl;  'The  boy  will  learn." 
Who  is  called  a  relative  pronoun. 

104.  The  11  e  1  a  t  i  v  e  pronouns  are  who,  which,  and 
As  is  a  relative  after  man?/,  such,  and  same. 

105.  Relative  tprono  litis  sta n<!  for  nouns 
d   connect   propositions   or  clauses. 

106.  WflO  for  persons,  whidh  for  animal-    . 
things.    That  is  used  in  the  place  of  who  or  which. 

They  have  the  same  form  in  both   numbers    and    are 
thus  declined  : 


ffGUXAK. 

IB  M  . 

j  m.        Posh. 

of,;,- 

yarn,          Pc 

Obj. 

Who,      whose, 

whom ; 

Who,      wh 

whom. 

Which,  who 

which  ; 

Which,   whose 

which. 

That,     whose 

■i: 

That,       whose, 

thai. 

Model.  The  man!  who  is  good,  is  happy.  Who  is  a 
pronoun,  i-  a  noun;  relative,  it  relates  to  man 

and  connects  the  clauses;  third  person,  singular  to  agree 
with  man,  by  md  in  the  nominative  case,  the 

subject  of  is,  by  Rule  I. 

Point  out  the  clauses,  thus  :   u  The  man  is  happy, ;   fs 


PRONOUNS.  25 

\&  the  principal  clause  ;   "  Who  is  good,"  is  the    relative 
clause.      Who  connects  the  two  together. 

He  is  the  man,  whom  I  saw.  The  orator,  whom  we 
heard,  was  eloquent.  The  rose,  which  we  saw,  was  fad- 
ing.     The  lady,  who  visited  us,  has  gone  to  Europe. 


LESSOJN   XX. 


PRONOUNS    CONTINUED. 


107.  The  Interrogative  pronouns  are  those  used 
sting  questions.     They  are  who,  which,   and   what. 

When  joined  to  nouns  they  are  interrogative  adjectives; 
is,  "  What  man  is  that  ?" 

108.  The  Possessive  pronouns  are  mine,  thine, 
ours,  yours,  his,  hers,  its,  and  theirs. 

109.  They  are  found  in  the  nominative  and  objective 
eases  ;  as,  "  This  book  is  mine."  "  He  has  lost  yours, 
but  she  has  found  hers.'' 

110-  The  Definitive  pronouns  are  the  same  as  the 
Pronominal  adjectives. 

111.  This,  that,  these,  and  those,  are  demonstrati 
Each,  cVery',  either,  >  distributives. 
Some,  any,  all,  other,  both,  .  one,   I 

none,  few,  many,  are  indefinite 

112.  The  pronouns,  wh  'chevBTj  whosoever, 
whichsoever,  <>  i  a  double  office, 
and  are  called  Double  \\  eta-tit  <l  s  .  The  simplest 
way  Of  parsing  tl  :  "  ]  know  not  what 
you  say.*'  "What  you  say"  is  of  know, 
and  "what"  the  object  of  say.     "  Whoever  studies  will 


26  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

learn.'"     "Whoever  studies,"  is  the  subject  otwill  learn, 
and  "whoever,"  the  subject  of  studies. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Who  gave  this  book  to  you  ?  Who  is  a  pro- 
noun, it  stands  for  a  noun  ;  interrogative,  it  asks  a  ques- 
tion ;  third  person,  singular  to  agree  with  the  answer, 
father,  by  Rule  IX. 

My  father  gave  it  to  me.  Which  is  your  book  ?  The 
one  with  a  red  cover  is  mine.  What  man  is  that  ?  Which 
rose  will  you  take  ?  Whoever  is  industrious  and  tem- 
perate will  succeed. 


LESSON  XXI. 

THE   VERB   AND   ITS    CLASSES. 

113.  The  verb  is  a  word  that  asserts  something. 

114.  When  I  say  "  John  runs,"  I  express  a  complete 
thought ;  but,  when  I  say  "John  reads,"  something  else, 
a  book  or  paper  is  necessary  to  complete  the  thought. 

115.  Hence,  there  are  two  classes  of  verbs. 

They  are    called   Transitive,   and  Intransi  - 
t  i  v  e  . 

116.  Transitive  means  passing  overy  because  the 
action  passes  over  from  the  actor  to  the  object. 

Intransitive  means  not  passing  over. 

117.  Transitive  verbs  are  those  which  require  the 
addition  of  an  object  to  complete  the  sense  ;  as,  "  John 
reads  his  book." 


MODES,  27 

Intransitive  verbs  are  those  which  do  not  require 
an  object;  as,  "John  runs.'7 

118.  If  it  or  them  can  follow  a  verb,  it  is  transitive, 
otherwise  it  is  intransitive. 

il&.  Transitive  verbs  have  two  forms,  called  the  Ac- 
tive and  Passive  voices. 

120.  In  the  Active  voice  the  subject  acts  upon  some 
object;  as,  "  James  teaches  William." 

In  the  Passive  voice  the  object  is  acted  upon  and 
is  the  subject  of  the  verb  ;  as,  "  William  is  struck  bj 
James," 

EXERCISES. 

Model.     Rain  falls.     Falls  is  a  verb,  it  asserts  some 
thing  ;  intransitive,  it  does  not  require  an  object;  third, 
singular  to  agree  with  rain,  by  Rule  II. 

The  snow  melts.  The  warm  sun  revives  the  earth. 
The  trees  put  forth  their  leaves.  The  flowers  and  grass 
spring  up. 


LESSON  XXII. 

THE     MODES. 

121.  Verbs  assert   action,  or  being  in  different  ways 
or  manners. 

122.  The  manner  in    which    assertion    is    made   is 
called  Mode. 

1 23.  There  are  four  modes;  the   Indicative,, 
the  Potential,  the  Subjunctive,  and  I  m  p  e  r 
a  ti  ve  . 


Bg  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

124.  The  Indicative  indicates  or  declares  posi- 
tively. 

125.  The  Potential  asserts  power,  liberty,  and 
necessity. 

126.  The  Subjunctive  implies  a  condition  or  sup- 
position. 

12T.  The  Imp  era  t  ive  expresses  a  command,  en- 
treaty, or  exhortation. 

128.  There  are  other  forms  which  do  not  assert  and 
therefore  are  not  modes. * 

129.  They  are  the  Infinitives,  Participles, 
and  Verbal   noun. 

The  Infinitives  of  the  verb  learn  are  To  learn, 
and  To  have  learned. 

The  Parti  .  les  are  Learning,  Learned,  Hav- 
ing Learned. 

The  Verbal  noun  is  Learning. 

It  can  be  the  subject  of  a  proposition.  The  partici- 
ple in  ing  cannot  be. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  The  sun  shines.  Shines  is  a  verb,  it  asserts; 
intransitive,  it  does  not  require  an  object ;  indicative 
mode,  it  asserts  positively  ;  third,  singular  to  agree  with 
nun,  by  Rule  II. 

,    The  waves  beat.    The  sea  roars.    The  carpenter  builds 
houses.     Fire  burns  wood  and  coal.     The  smoke  rises. 


*They  are  properly  verbal  nouns,  and  adjectives,  but  are  attach- 
ed to  the  verb  since  they  may  be  modified  like  verbs.  See  School 
Grcrmmar. 


TENSES.  49 

The  farmer  sows  his  seed.     Writing  is  a  useful  exercise. 
Writing  letters  to  our  friends  is  a  pleasant  labor. 


LESSON   XX III. 

THE    TENSES, 

130.  There  are  three  divisions  of  time  ;  present, 
past,  and  future. 

131.  In  each  of  these  an  action  may  be  asserted  as 
indefinite,  going  on,  or  progressive: 
and    completed. 

lie  writes  is  indefinite.     He  is  writing  is  progressive. 
He  has  written  is  completed. 
These  distinctions  of  time  are  called   Tenses. 
T  e  n's  e  means  time. 

132.  There  are  six  tenses  ;  Present,    Past,    Future, 

Present  Perfect,  Past  Perfect,  Future  Perfect. 

There  are  two  forms  in* each;  the  simple,  and  the  pro- 
gressive. 

133.  The  simple  form  is  the  simple  verb  alone  ;  as, 
s*  John  runs:'  The  progressive  is  formed  by  adding  the 
Participle  in  ing  to  the  verb  Be  or  Am;  as,  "John  is  run- 

134.  The  Present  tense  denotes  present 
t  i  m  e  ;  as,  "  John  writes."     "  Thomas  is  reading." 

135.  T  h  e  P  a  s  t  t  e  n  s  e  d  e  n  o  t  e  s  past  time; 
•  He  came  yesterday.''      ,;  He  Mas  studying  his  les- 
son." 

13G.  The  future  tense  denotes  futu  r  e 
ttme;  as,  "He  will  write."  "The  flowers  will  be 
blooming. " 

The  signs  are  */ial(  and  will. 


30  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Mary  studies  her  lesson.  Studies  is  a.  verb, 
it  asserts ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  indicative 
mode,  it  asserts  positively ;  present  tense,  it  denotes 
present  time ;  third,  singular  to  agree  with  Mary,  by 
Rule  II. 

The  birds  are  singing.  He  retired  early.  The  farmer 
was  ploughing  his  field.     The  sun  was  shining. 


LESSON  XXIV.. 

Ti IE    TENSES    OF  COMPLETED    ACTION. 

187.  T  h  e  P  r  e  s  e  n  t  P  e  r  i  e  c  t  t  e  n  s  e  d  e  n  ote« 
an  actio  norst  ate  co  mpletedinpast  time 
connected  with  the  p  re  sent;  as,  "  James  has 
written  a  letter  to-day."  "  He  has  been  writing  to-day.." 
Its  signs  are  have,  hast,  has. 

138.  The  Past  Perfect  tense  denotes  an 
action  or  state  completed  before  some 
past  time;  as,  "  He  had  gone  when  I  came."  "  He 
had  been  writing  before  I  came."  Its  signs  are  had,, 
hadst. 

139.  The  Future  Perfect  tense  denotes 
thatan  action  or  state  will  be  completed 
before  some  future  time;  as* u  He  will  have 
gone  before  you  get  there."  u  He  will  have  been  travel- 
ing a  week  to-morrow."  Its  signs  sue  shall  have,  will 
have. 


TENSES   OF    THE   POTENTIAL.  31 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  He  has  written  a  letter.  Has  written  is  a 
verb,  it  asserts  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  indi- 
cative mode,  it  asserts  positively ;  present  perfect  tense, 
it  denotes  an  action  completed  in  present  time ;  third, 
singular  to  agree  with  he,  by  Rule  II. 

Thomas  had  gone  before  the  stage  came.  The  mes- 
senger "will  have  reached  him  to-morrow. 

He  has  been  studying  Latin  and  Greek.  Mary  had 
been  playing  with  her  doll.  James  will  have  been  study- 
ing an  hour  when  the  clock  strikes. 


LESSON  XXV. 

TENSES   OF   THE    POTENTIAL. 

140.  The  six  tenses  belong  only  to  the  Indicative 
.mode,  since  that,  only,  asserts  positively. 

The  tenses  do  not  have  the  same  definite  meaning  in 
the  other  modes. 

141.  The  Potential  has  four  forms :-  -Present, 
Past,  Present  Perfect,  Past  Perfect. 

142.  The  signs  of  the  Present  are  may,  can,  must. 
The  signs  of  the  Past  are  might,  could,    would,    and 

should. 

The  signs  of  the  Present  Perfect,  may  have,  can  have, 
must  have. 

The  signs  of  the  Past  Perfect,  might  have,  could 
have,  £e.  In  respect  to  time  these  tenses  are  indefinite ; 
especially  the  Present  and  Past. 


32  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

143.  The  Present  tense  denotes  present  or  future 
time  according  to  the  modifying  words  ;  as,  "  He  may 
go  now"  or  "He  may  go  to-morrow." 

The  Past  tense  implies  present,  past,  or  future  time ; 
as  "I  would  go  now,  if  it  were  possible."  "I  could  not 
go  last  year"    "You  should  return  next  iveek" 

The  Present  Perfect  tense  denotes  what    may 
have  taken  place  in  past  time. 

The  Past  Perfect  tense  denotes  what  might  have 
taken  place  in  past  time. 

TENSES    OF   THE    SUBJUNCTIVE,    IMPERATIVE,    &0. 

144.  The  Subjunctive  mode  has  two  forms  call- 
ed the  Present  and  Past  tenses. 

The  Present  denotes  a  future  condition ;  as.  ''If 
he  study  "  means  if  he  shall  study. 

The  Past  denotes  a  supposition  in  present  time 
which  is  known  not  to  be  real;  as,  "If he  ^6re  studious, 
he  would  learn,"  but  he  is  not  studious. 

145.  The  Imperative  has  only  the  Present  tense 
and  second  person. 

146.  The  Infinitive  has  two  forms.  Present  , 
To  love  ;  and  Perfect,  To  have  loved. 

The  Participle  has  three  form3,  the  Imper- 
i  e  c  t ,  Loving ;  the  P  e  r  f  e  c  t ,  Loved;  and  the  C  o  m  - 
pound,  Having  Loved. 

The  Imperfect  ends  in  ing.  the  Perfect  generally  is 
ed. 


REGULAR  AND   IRREGULAR   VERBS.  33 

EXERCISES. 

The  apple  is  sour.     The  time  has  come.  The  wind 

blew.     His  farm  produces  corn,  wheat,  hay,  and   oats. 


LESSON   XXVI. 

THE    REGULAR    AND    IRREGULAR    OR    STRONG    AND     WEAK 

VERBS. 

147.  The  frinci'pal  farts  of  a  verb  are  the  Present 
and  Past  tenses  indicative,  and  the  Perfect  Par- 
ticiple. 

From  these,  the  other  parts  of  the  verb    are    formed. 

148.  There  are  two  ways  of  forming  these  principal 
parts,  and  therefore  two  classes  of  verbs. 

One  class  adds  a  syllable  to  the  present  tense,  the 
other  changes  the  vowel;  as,  learn,  learned;  szng,  sang, 
swng. 

149.  They  are  commonly  called  Regular  and  Irregu- 
lar, and  are  thus  defined  : 

The  Regular  verbs  add  d  or  ed  to  form  their  princi- 
pal parts. 

The  Irregular  verbs  do  not  add  d  or  ed  to  form  their 
principal  parts. 

150.  The  later  and  more  correct  division  is  into 
Strong  and  Weak  verbs. 

151.  The  Strong  verbs  form  their  principal  parts 
by  changing  the  vowel ;  as,  smg,  sang,  simg. 

The  Weak  verbs  require  the  addition  of  a  letter  or 
syllable,  t,  d,  or  ed  ;  as,  keep,  kepf,  kep£ ;  love,  loved, 
loved ;  learn,  learner?,  learned. 


34  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

The  Strong  verbs  are  so  called,  because  they  form 
their  parts  in  themselves  ;  while  the  Weak  require  an 
addition  from  without. 

It  is  sufficient  to  say  in  parsing  that  the  verb  adds  ed 
to  form  the  past  tense. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  He  had  studied.  Had  studied  is  a  verb  ; 
weak  (or  regular)  it  adds  ed  to  form  its  past  tense  ;  in- 
dicative mode,  it  asserts  positively;  past  perfect  tense, 
it  denotes  what  had  taken  place  before  some  other  ac- 
tion ;  third,  singular  to  agree  with  he,  by  Rule  II. 

He  has  gone.  The  river  has  fallen.  The  birds  have 
flown.  James  has  written  a  letter.  Mary  has  recited 
her  lesson. 


LESSON  XXVII. 

CONJUGATION    OF    THE   VERB    BE    OR   AM. 

152.  Conjugation  is  the  regular  arrangement 
of  the  voices,  modes,  tenses,  numbers,  and  persons. 

The  verb  Be  is  a  defective  verb  made  up  of  the  verbs, 
am,  be,  and  zvas. 

PRINCIPAL    PARTS. 

Present,  am.      Past,  was.     Perfect  Part.,  been. 

INDICATIVE    MODE. 

PRESENT    TENSE. 

Singular.  \      Plural. 

1st  Person,  I  am,  1st  Person,  We  are, 

2d   Person,  Thou  art,  2d    Person,  You  are, 

3d    Person,  He  is  ;  3d    Person,  They  are. 


CONJUGATION    OF   THE   VERB   BE    OR   AM.  35 

PAST   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  was,  1.  We  were, 

2.  Thou  wast,  2.  You  were, 

3.  He  was  ;  3.  They  were. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

Singular.     ,  Plural. 

1.  I  shall  or  will  be,  1.  We  shall  or  will  be, 

2.  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  be,         2.  You  shall  or  will  be, 

3.  He  shall  or  will  be  ;  3.  They  shall  or  will  be. 

PRESENT    PERFECT    TENSe. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  have  been,  1.  We  have  been, 

2.  Thou  hast  been,  2.  You  have  been, 

3.  He  has  been  ;  3.  They  have  been. 

PAST    PERFECT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  had  been,  '    1.  We  had  been, 

2.  Thou  hadst  been,  2.  You  had  been, 

3.  He  had  been ;  3.  They  had  been. 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  shall  or  will  have  been,   1.  We    shall    or    will     have 

been, 

2.  Thou  shalt  or  wilt    have,    2.  You   shall    or    will    have 

been,  been, 

3.  He  shall  or  will  have  been;  3.  They   shall    or  will   have 

been. 


3b'  3H    GRAMMAR. 

EXERCISES. 

He  had  been  rich.  James  was  a  painter.  He  will 
be  wise,  if  he  listens  to  his  advice.  It  is  summer,  and 
the  fields  are  green. 


LESSON  XXVIII. 

POTENTIAL   MODE    OF   BE    OR    AM. 

PRESENT. 

Signs,    may,    can,   must.     Conjugate  with  each. 
Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  may  be,  1.  "We  may  be, 

2.  Thou  mayst  be,  2.  You  may  be, 

3.  He  may  be  ;  3.  They  may  be. 

PAST. 

Signs,  might,  could,  would,  and  should. 
Singular.  ^Plural. 

1.  I  might  be,  1.  We  might  be, 

2.  Thou  mightst  be,  2.  You  might  be, 

3.  He  might  be  ;  3.  They  might  be. 

[•RESENT    PERFECT. 

Signs,  may  have,  can  have,   must  have. 
Si ii< i  a  Jar.  Plural. 

1.  I  may  have  been,  I.  We  may  have  been, 

2.  Thou  mayst  have  been,       2.  You  may  have  been, 

3.  He  may  have  been  ;  3.  They  may  have  been. 


CONJUGATION    OF    THE    VERB    BE    OR   AM. 


37 


PAST    PEi: 


Signs,    might  have,  could  have,  would  have,  shoulu 
have. 


Sinsru/<ir. 


Plural. 


1.  I  might  have  been,  1.  We  might  have  been, 

2.  Thou  mightst  have  been,    2.  You  might  have  been, 

3.  He  might  have  been  ;  3.  They  might  have  been. 


SUBJUNCTIVE    MODE. 

PRESENT. 


Singular 


Plural 


1.  If  I  be, 

2.  If  thou  be, 

3.  If  he  be  ; 


Singular. 

1.  If  I  were, 

2.  If  thou  wert, 

3.  If  he  were  ; 


Ingular. 

2.  Be  thou  or  you, 

Present.     To  be. 


1.  If  we  be, 

2.  If  you  be, 

3.  If  they  be. 


PAST. 


PluraL 


1.  If  we  were, 

2.  If  you  were, 

3.  If  they  were. 

IMPERATIVE     MODE. 

Plural '. 
2.  Be  ye  or  you. 

INtlNITIVES. 

Perfect.     To  have  been. 


PARThli   ; 

Imperfect.  Being.  .  Been.    Compound.  Having  been 


38 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


153.  A  synopsis  is  given  by  naming  the  first  per- 
son singular  of  each  mode  and  tense. 

154.  Synopsis  of  Be  or  Am. 


INDICATIVE. 

Present,  I  am. 
Past,  I  was. 

Future,  I  shall,  or  will  be. 
Pres.  Perf,  I  have  been. 
Past  Per/.,  I  had  been. 
Put.   Per/.,  I   shall,   or    will 
have  been. 


POTENTIAL. 

I  may,  can,  or  must  be. 

I   might,   could,   would,     or 

should  be. 
I  may,  or  can  have  been. 
I  might,  or  could  have   been. 


Present,  If  I  be. 


Present,  To  be. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Past,  If  I  were. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Be  thou,  or  you. 

INFINITIVES. 

Perfect,  To  have  been. 


PARTICIPLE8. 

imperfect,  Being.     Perf,  Been.     Compound,  Having  been. 

EXERCISES. 

He  may  be  there  if  he  is  not  at  home.  He  will  be 
happy.  James  might  have  been  rich  if  he  had  been 
prudent. 


CONJUGATION    OF     THE   VERB    LOVE. 


39 


LESSON  XXIX. 

155.    CONJUGATION    OF   THE  VERB   LOVE. 
PRINCIPAL   PARTS- 

Present,  love.  Past,   loved.  Perfect  Part.,  loved. 

INDICATIVE    MODE. 

PRESENT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  love,  1.  We  love, 

2.  Thou  lovest, 


3.  He  loves  ; 

Singular. 

1.  I  loved, 

2.  Thou  lovedst, 

3.  He  loved ; 


2.  You  love, 

3.  They  love. 


PAST    TENSE. 


Plural. 

1.  We  loved, 

2.  You  loved, 

3.  They  loved. 


FUTURE    TENSE. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1.  I  shall  or  will  love,  1.  We  shall  or  will  love, 

2.  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  love,      2.  You  shall  or  will  love, 

3.  He  shall  or  will  love  ;         3.  They  shall  or  will  love. 

PRE8ENT  PERFECT  T1NSB. 

Singular.  Plural. 


1.  I  have  loved, 

2.  Thou  hast  loved, 

3.  He  has  loved  : 


1.  We  have  loved, 

2.  You  have  loved, 

3.  They  have  loved. 


40  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

FAST   PERFECT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural 

1.  i  had  loved,  1.  We  had  loved, 

2.  Thou  hadst  loved,  2.  You  had  loved, 

3.  He  had  loved  ;  3.  They  had  loved. 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  shall  or  will  have  loved,  1.  We    shall    or     will     have 

2.  Thou  shalt  or   wilt   have  loved, 

loved,  2.  You    shall   or   will     have 

3.  He  shall  or  will  have  loved;  loved, 

3.  They    shall    or   will   have 
loved. 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  may  love,  1.  We  may  love, 

2.  Thou  mayst  love,  2.  You  may  love, 

3.  He  may  love  ;  3.  They  may  love. 

PAST. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1 .  I  might  love,  1 .  We  might  love, 

2.  Thou  mightest  love,  2.  You  might  love, 

3.  He  might  love  ;  3.  They  might  love. 

PRESENT   PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1 .  I  may  have  loved,  1 .  We  may  have  loved, 

2.  Thou  mayst  have  loved,     2.  You  may  have  loved, 

3.  He  may  have  loved ;  3.  They  may  have  loved. 


CONJUGATION  OE  THE  VERB  LOVE.         41 

PAJST    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  might  have  loved,  1.  We  might  have  loved, 

2.  Thou  mightst  have  loved,  2.  You  might  have  loved, 

3.  He  might  have  loved  ;        3.  They  might  have  loved. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1 .  If  I  love,  1 .  If  we  love, 

2.  If  thou  love,  2.  If  you  love, 

3.  If  he  love  ;  3.  If  they  love. 

The  Present  is  the    only   conditional   form    that   differs 
from  the  indicative  except  the  past  .of  be  or  am. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  Love  thou  or  you.  2.  Love  ye  or  you. 

INFINITIVES. 

Present)  To  love.         Perfect,   To  have  loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Imper.,  Loving.     Per.,  Loved.     Compound,  Having  loved. 

Let  the  pupil  write  or  give  a  synopsis  of  t&is  verb.  Like 
love,  conjugate  learn,  study,  play. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  He  may  have  loved.  May  ham  loved  is  a 
verb,  it  asserts,  weak  (or  regular,)  it  adds  ed  to  form 
the  past  tense  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object,  poten- 
tial, it  implies   possibility ;  present   perfect,   it   asfc 


12  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

what  may  have  taken   place ;  third,    singular   to   agree 
with  he,  by  Rule  II. 

I  learn  my  lesson  by  hard  study.  James  had  played 
until  he  was  tired.  We  play  ball  after  we  hare  learned 
our  lessons. 


LESSON   XXX. 

PROGRESSIVE   FORM   OF  LEARN. 

156.  The  progressive  form  is  conjugated  by  adding 
the  Imperfect  Participle  of  any  verb  to  the  forms  of  be 
or  am. 

157.  Synopsis  of  Learn,  Progressive  Form. 

INDICATIVE   MODE.  POTENTIAL   MODE. 

Present,  I  am  learning.  I  may  be  learning. 

Past,   I  was  learning.  I  might  be  learning. 

Future,  I   shall   or  will   be 

learning. 
Pred.  Per.,  I  have  been  learn-  I  may  have  been  learning. 

ing. 
I'o°A  Per.,  I  had  been   learn-  I  might  have  been  learning. 

ing. 
Per.,  I  shall   have   been 

learning. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MODE. 

Present,  If  I  be  learning.        Past,  If  I  were  learning. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

%.  Be  thou  learning.  2.  Be  ye  learning. 


THE   PASSIVE    VOICE    OP   LOVE.  43 

INFINITIVES. 

Present,  To  be  learning.  Perf-,  To  have  been  learning. 

Conjugate  thus  :— -I  am  learning,  Thou  art  learning, 
He  is  learning,  We  are  learning,  &c. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  If  he  learn,  he  will  please  us.  {If  he)  learn 
is  a  verb,  it  asserts  ;  weak  or  regular,  it  adds  ed  to  form 
the  past  tense  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  sub- 
junctive mode,  it  implies  a  future  condition ;  present 
tense  in  its  form  ;  third,  singular  to  agree  with  he,  by 
Rule  II. 

If  it  rain  to-morrow,  I  cannot  go.  If  it  were  he,  he 
would  come  to  see  us.  Come  to  me  and  bring  me  your 
book.     I  saw  a  boy  reading  his  book. 


LESSON  XXXI. 

THE   PASSIVE   VOICE   OF    LOVE. 

158.  The  Passive  voice  is  formed  by  adding  the  per- 
fect participle  of  any  transitive  verb  to  the  forms  of  the 
verb  be  or  am. 

INDICATIVE    MODE. 
PRESENT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  am  loved,  1.  We  are  loved, 

2.  Thou  art  loved,  2.  You  are  loved, 

3.  He  is  loved  ;  3.  They  are  loved. 


44  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

PAST   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  was  loved,  1 .  We  were  loved, 

2.  Thou  wast  loved,  2.  You  were  loved, 

3.  He  was  loved  ;  3.  They  were  loved. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

Singula?'.  Plural. 

1 .  I  shall  be  loved,  1 .  We  shall  be  loved, 

2.  Thou  wilt  be  loved,  2.  You  will  be  loved, 

3.  He  will  be  loved  ;  3.  They  will  be  loved. 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  have  been  loved,      1.  We  have  been  loved, 

2.  Thou  hast  been  loved,   2.  You  have  been  loved, 

3.  He  has  been  loved  ;     3.  They  have  been  loved. 

PAST    PERFECT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  had  been  loved,  1.  We  had  been  loved, 

2.  Thon  hadst  been  loved,      2.  You  had  been  loved, 

3.  He  had  been  loved  ;  3.  They  had  been  loved. 

FUTURE    PERFECT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  shall  have  been  loved,     1.  We  shall  have  been  loved, 
2.  Thou  wilt  have  been  loved,  2.  You  will  have  been  loved, 
will  have  been  loved ;  3.  They  will  have  been  loved 


PASSIVE   VOICE   OP  LOVE.  45 

POTENTIAL    MODE. 

rilESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1 .  I  may  be  loved,  1 .  We  may  be  loved, 

2.  Thou  mayst  be  loved,         2.  You  may  be  loved, 

3.  He  may  be  loved  ;  3.  They  may  be  loved. 

VAST. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  might  be  loved,  I.  We  might  be  loved, 

2.  Thou  mightst  be  loved,      2.  You  might  be  loved, 

3.  He  might  be  loved  ;  3.  They  might  be  loved. 

PRESENT    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  may  have  been  loved,       1.  We  may  have  been  loved, 

2.  Thou   mayst   have    been  2.  You  may  have  been  loved, 

loved,  3.  They  may  have  been  loved. 

3.  He  may  have  been  loved  ; 

PAST    Pi 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  might  have  been  loved)  1.  We  might  hi 

2.  Thou  mightst  have   been  2.  Sou     might     have     I 

1  lived,  lo\< 

Efomigl  ;8<  They    might    have     bi 

loved. 


46  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

•SUBJUNCTIVE    MODE. 

PRE9EKT.  » 

Singular.  Plural. 

i.  If  I  be  loved,  1.  If  we  be  loved, 

2.  If  thou  be  loved,  2.  If  you  be  loved, 

3.  If  he  be  loved  ;  3.  If  they  be  loved. 

PAST. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  If  I  were  loved,  1.  If  we  were  loved, 

2.  If  thou  wert  loved,  2.  If  you  were  loved, 

3.  If  he  were  loved  ;  3.  If  they  were  loved, 

IMPERATIVE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  Be  thou  or  you  loved.        2.  Be  ye  or  you  loved. 

INFINITIVES. 

Present,  To  be  loved.  Perfect,  To  have  been  loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Imperfect,  Being  loved.  Perfect,  Loved. 

Compound,  Having  been  loved. 

Conjugate  in  like  manner,  learn,  place,  teach. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  I  am  praised.  Am  praised  is  a  verb,  it  as- 
serts ;  weak  or  regular,*  it  forms  its  past  tense  by  add- 
ing ed  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  passive  voice, 

*  The  teacher  may  use  the  terms  weak  or  regular,  as  he  may  de- 
sire. The  terms  regular  and  irregular,  though  long  used,  are  not 
scientifically  correct  and  are  objectionable.  I  prefer  to  follow  the 
highest  authorities  in  the  use  of  weak  and  strong. 


CONJUGATION  OP  THE  STRONG  VERB  TAKE. 


47 


the  object  is  used  as  subject,    indicative,    present,    first 
singular  to  agree  with  /,  by  Rule  II. 

You  are  loved.  They  are  blessed.  We  were  esteem- 
ed. James  was  accused.  He  has  heard  the  news.  She 
had  learned  her  lesson.     They  will  be  loved. 


LESSON  XXXII. 

159.    CONJUGATION   OF   THE   STRONG   VERB  TAKE. 
PRINCIPAL   PARTS. 

Present,  take.       Past,  took.        Perfect  Participle,  taken. 

INDICATIVE    MODE. 


PRESENT. 


Singular. 

1.  I  take, 

2.  Thou  takest, 

3.  He  takes; 


Singular. 

1.  I  took, 

,\   Thou  took<  • 

3.  He  took  ; 

Sin  ■ 
1 .   I  shall  i  i 


Plural. 


1.  We  take, 

2.  You  take, 

3.  They  take. 


PAST. 

Plural. 

1.  We  took, 

2.  You  took, 

3.  They  took. 

FUTURE. 

riural. 
].   We  shall  take. 


48  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

PRESENT    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  have  taken.  1.  We  have  taken. 

PAST  PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural.  * 

1.  I  had  taken.  1.  We  had  taken. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  shall  have  taken.  1.  We  shall  have  taken. 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  may,  can,  or  must  take.   1 .  We  may,  can,  or  must  take. 

PAST. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  might,  could,  would,  or  1.  We  might,  could,   would, 
should  take.  or  should  take. 

PRESENT    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  may,  can,  or  must  have   1.  We  may,  can,  or  must  have 
taken.  taken. 

PAST   PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I  might,  could,  would,  or   1.  We  might,   could,    would, 
should  have  taken.  or  should  have  taken. 


PBESKfl i  . 

Ph 
'     '  .  [fthoi  L.  If  tv 

IMPERA1  I 

Singular.  Plural. 

ypu.  2.   T;;i 

INFINITIVES. 

Perfect,  To  haw  bp,k 

'LES. 

/?/</;  Perfect,  Taken. 

mvpoum  ;uo-  taken 

in  full  of  this  verb. 

i 

Tl 

■   blooming,    for   joyous 
come  again. 


LI. 

L60.    [NTJ  N*. 

.11  ? 


50  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

161.    THE    INFINITIVES    AND    PARTICIPLES. 

There  are  two  forms  of  the  infinitive  ;  the  simple  in- 
finitive without  to,  and  the  form  with  to  or  the  preposi- 
tional infinitive. 

The  first  is  the  true  infinitive,  the  last  is  a  case  of  the 
infinitive. 

162.  The  simple  infinitive  is  now  found  only  after 
may,  can,  must,  tvill,  shall,  do,  let,  make,  weed,  have, 
hear,  see,  bid,  dare,  feel,  and  sometimes,  observe,  per- 
ceive, Jaiow,  help. 

163.  The  Infinitive  depends  upon  verbs,  nouns,  and 
adjectives;  as,  "He  desires  to  play."  "  A  time  to  learn. ' 
**  He  is  anxious  to  improve." 

164.  The  compound  tenses  will  love,  may  love,  can 
love  are  indicative  tenses  of  will,  may,  and  can,  followed 
by  the  simple  infinitive. 

165.  The  Participle  partakes  of  the  nature  of  the  ad- 
jective. 

166.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as,  "  The 
rising  sun."    "  The  opening  flower." 

It  is  then  a  Participial  adjective. 

167.  When  an  is  joined  to  the  perfect  participle,  it 
becomes  an  adjective,  unless  there  is  a  verb  of  that  form  .; 
as,  ^awakened,  wiconcerned. 

•     EXERCISES. 

Model.  To  play  is  the  present  infinitive  of  the  verb 
play,  and  depends  upon  desires,  by 

Rule  XXI.  The  Inf  i  n  i  t  i  v  e  depends  upon  verbs, 
nouns,  and  adjectives. 


TABLE    OF    IRREGULAR   VERBS. 


51 


Having  learned  is  a  compound  participle  from  the 
verb  learned  and  refers  to  James,  by 

Rule  XXIII.  Participles  refer  to  nouns  and 
pronouns. 

He  desires  to  play  in  the  fields.  James,  having  learn- 
ed his  lesson,  recited  it.  He  is  eager  to  learn.  Boys 
love  to  play.    The  rising  sun  dispels  the  darkness. 


LESSON  XXXIV. 


THE  IRREGULAR  OR  STRONG  VERB. 


168.  The  Irregular  verb,  commonly  so  called,  included 
several  classes.  1st.  The  strong  verbs;  as,  sing,  sang, 
sung.  2d.  Some  defectives  ;  as,  am,  zoas,  been.  3d.  Those 
that  are  weak  in  the  past  tense,  but  have  the  participle  in 
en.  4th.  Those  that  have  also  a  weak  or  regular  form, 
marked  R.  5th.  Those  that  change  the  vowel  and  add  the 
termination  ;  as,  seek,  sough-f,  marked  W.  The  parts  not 
now  in  use  are  put  in  italics. 


PRESENT. 

Abide, 

Am  or  be, 

Awake, 

Bear, 

Beat, 

Begin, 

Bend, 

Beseech, 

Bid, 

Bind, 


PAST. 


PER.    PARTICIPLE. 


abode, ' 

abode. 

was, 

been. 

awoke,   K. 

awaked. 

bore,  fare, 

l»i.rne. 

beat, 

beat,  beaten. 

began, 

begun. 

bent,  bended. 

bent. 

besought, 

.  \Y. 

bid,  }>;c 

Men,  bid. 

boun'i. 

bound. 

ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


SENT 

ST! 

PER.    PARTICi: 

Bite, 

bit, 

bitten,  bit. 

Bleed, 

bled, 

bled. 

Blow, 

blew, 

blown. 

Break, 

broke,  brake. 

broken. 

Breed, 

bred, 

bred. 

ng, 

brought. 

brought,  W. 

Burst, 

burst, 

burst. 

Buy, 

bought, 

bought,  W. 

Cast, 

cast, 

cast. 

Catch, 

caught, 

caught,  W. 

Chide, 

chid, 

chidden,  chid 

Choose, 

chose, 

chosen. 

Cleave, 

(to 

adhere 

.)  cleaved,  clave, 

cleaved. 

0  leave, 

(to 

split.) 

clove,  clave,  cleft. 

,  cloven,  cleft . 

Cling, 

clung, 

clung. 

the, 

clad,  E. 

clad. 

Come, 

came, 

come. 

Cost, 

cost, 

cost. 

ep, 

crept, 

crept. 

Grow. 

crew,  R. 

crovm. 

Cut, 

cut, 

cut. 

0, 

durst,  R.     ' 

durst. 

Deal, 

dealt,  R. 

dealt. 

dug,  R. 

dug. 

did. 

done. 

Draw, 

drew. 

drawn. 

Drink, 

drank, 

drunk. 

Drive. 

drove,  clro            * 

driven. 

Eat, 

ate,  eat, 

eaten. 

Fall, 

fell, 

fallen. 

fed. 

fed. 

TABLE    OP    IRREOTJEAR    VERBS. 


PRESEN 

IV. 

Fight. 

aught, 

fought, 

W. 

Find, 

found, 

foil 

Fling, 

flung, 

■  ••'    flung. 

Fly, 

flew, 

flown. 

Forsake. 

forsook, 

forsaken. 

Freeze. 

froze, 

frozen. 

Get, 

got,  gat. 

gotten, 

got, 

Give, 

gave, 

vcn. 

Go, 

went, 

gone. 

Ml 

Grind, 

ground, 

ground. 

Grow, 

grew, 

grown. 

Hang, 

hung,  R. 

hung. 

Have, 

had, 

toad. 

Heave, 

ove,  R. 

hoven. 

Hew, 

hewed. 

hewn. 

Hide, 

id, 

*  hidden, 

hid. 

Hold, 

held, 

held,  holden 

Hurt, 

hurt, 

hurt. 

Knit, 

knit,  R. 

knit. 

Know, 

iew, 

■*— '    a**'    known. 

Lade, 

led, 

,»l©a»laden. 

Lay, 

laid, 

i*qn  ,wl*|Jlaid. 

.iMffi 

Lead, 

led, 

•  «»*<fled. 

Lie, 

lain. 

Light, 

.  R. 

>**tit. 

Lose, 

st, 

1 

Make, 

mn 

M  trade. 

4*t)j 

Meet, 

met, 

•  §**ltnet. 

f|MM 

Mow, 

mown. 

r+hllt*l 

Put, 

put, 

iw 

Re^i 

. 

tV""** 

54 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


PRESENT. 

PAST. 

PER.    PARTICIPLE 

Rid, 

rid, 

rid. 

Ride, 

rode, 

ridden,  rid. 

Ring, 

rang,  rung, 

rung. 

Rise, 

rose, 

risen. 

Run, 

ran, 

run. 

See, 

saw, 

seen. 

Seek, 

sought, 

sought,  W. 

Sell, 

3old, 

sold,  W. 

Set, 

set, 

set. 

Sit, 

sat, 

sat. 

Shake, 

shook, 

shaken. 

Shed, 

shed, 

shed. 

Shine, 

shone,  R. 

shone. 

Shoot, 

shot, 

shot. 

Shrink, 

shrunk,  shrank, 

shrunk. 

Sing, 

sang,  sung, 

sung. 

Sink, 

sunk, sank, 

sunk. 

Slay, 

slew, 

slain. 

Slide, 

slid, 

slidden. 

Sling, 

slung,  slang,     . 

slung. 

Smite, 

smote, 

smitten. 

Speak, 

spoke,  spake, 

spoken. 

Spin, 

spun, span, 

spun. 

Spring, 

sprang, sprung, 

sprung. 

Stand, 

stood, 

stood. 

Steal, 

stole, 

stolen. 

Stick, 

stuck, 

stuck. 

Sting, 

stung, 

stung. 

Stride, 

strode, 

stridden. 

Strike, 

struck, 

struck,  stricken. 

String, 

strung, 

strung. 

TABLE  OF  IRREGULAR  VERBIS. 


55 


PRE8ENT. 

PAST. 

PER.    PARTICIPLE 

Strive, 

strove, 

striven. 

Swear, 

swore,  8 ware, 

sworn. 

Swell, 

swelled, 

swollen. 

Swim, 

swum,  swam, 

swum. 

Swing, 

swung, 

swung. 

Take, 

took, 

taken. 

Teach, 

taught, 

taught,  W. 

Tear, 

tore,  tare, 

torn. 

Tell, 

told, 

told. 

Think, 

thought, 

thought,  W. 

Thrive, 

throve, 

thriven. 

Throw, 

threw, 

thrown. 

Tread, 

trod, 

trodden. 

Wear, 

wore, 

worn. 

Weave, 

wove, 

woven. 

Win, 

won, 

won. 

Wind, 

wound, 

wound. 

Wring, 

wrung,  R. 

wrung. 

Write, 

wrote, 

written. 

The  past  tense  and  past  participle  should  not  be  used 
for  each  other. 

EXERCISES    FOR    CORRECTION. 

The  horses  drawed  the  carriage.  The  horses  were 
drove.  The  birds  have  flew  away.  The  stream  has 
froze  over.  They  have  wrote  to-day.  The  meeting  has 
began.  She  has  sang  a  song.  The  sun  has  rose.  They 
done  their  work.  My  watch  was  stole.  The  ball  was 
throwed.  The  apples  have  fell.  The  letter  was  writ. 
The  letter  was  wrote  badly.  Wo  rid  a  mile.  I  have  not 
saw  him.    My  uncle  has  came.    The  bird  has  flew  away. 


56  -II    GRAMMAR* 

169.  A  few  verbs  are  del  wanting  in 
their  parts. 

Am,  was,  fective    verb,    made  igypy 

was,  be,  three  words. 

Go,  went,  r/one  is  defects    .        Vent  is  the 
of  wend. 

170.  The  a  a  x  i  1  i  a  r  3  ^  stMl,  will 
must,  are  defective  in  all  but  the  present  and  pi 
indicative. 

«#v  -■   UN  I  PERSONAL    VERBS. 

1, 

171.  U  n  i  p  0  r  s  0  n  a  1  verbs  arc  those  that  are  i'ouncl 
only  in  the  thi  on  singular  :  as,  It  ram*.  It  '  it«. 
It  snows. 


LESSON 

;s. 

172.  When  I  say  "  He  runs  swiftly,' 
correctly,''  toll  how  the  thing 

actio  1  modify  the  vorb*         t&  **fl?ed 

17o.   Tin  I    o  a 

oc-rb,  that  i4jj  %dfed  to  a  ^erb,  .  •  v«  ,,nn^ 

74.   Adverbb  also  ^fiifj^g^jectives    and   other   «d- 

./« ;  as,  mas  saitt,  <  jfoow  witi  +aob 

11, r>.  An    a  d  \  e  r  b     i  u     a,    w  0  1  d    j  0  i 
v  e  r  b  s  ,   a  •! .;  .        t  d   .<  ••  0  r  b  f 

t  0  m  0  d  if  y  t  h  era  .  ,,<  *#l, 


170.     '  .    ded  in 

aning. 

A<L  j  .justly,  pj< 

Advv ■,  . ,  to-day.  lately,  since,  then. 

Adverb-  :o,  lucre,  where,  lieuce. 

1  verbs  o  more,  most,  hardly,  le&b. 

yea,  yes,  certainly. 
Advv  i  ;  no,  not. 

177.   Some  adverbs  are  used  to  propositions 

and  :  tid  aro  called  Connective  A  d  v  <<  r  b  - 

-.ear  tli  ie  arrive."' 

.17*.    A  i  ed  like  adjeci 

EXERCISES. 

Model.     The  siin  shines   brightly. 
erb,  it  is  a  word  used  to  modify  verbs,  and  modii 
shines,  by 

other  aJ-r  (*rbs. 

They  c 

.  .    . 


*4  5c*~< ■■  V  ■ 


•  V  I  ! 


58  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

180.  The  word  which  follows  the  preposition  is  alwaj3 
in  the  objective  case. 

181.  A  Preposition  is  a  word  which 
shows  the  relation  between  its  objective 
case  and  some  o  t  her  word  in  the  same 
sentence. 

182.  The  preposition  with  its  object  is  called  an  ad- 
junct;  as,  "  He  came  m'^  me."  With  me  is  an  ad- 
junct modifying  came. 

183.  The  principal  prepositions  are  : — About,  above, 
after,  against,  among,  amongst,  around,  at,  before,  be- 
hind, beside,  besides,  beyond,  by,  down,  for,  from,  in, 
into,  of,  on,  over,  through,  to,  under,  unto,  up,  upon, 
with,  within,  without. 

For  others  see  "  School  Grammar." 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  He  resides  in  Richmond.  In  is  a  preposi- 
tion, a  word  used  to  show  the  relation  of  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns to  other  words  ;  it  shows  the  relation  between 
Richmond  and  resides,  by 

Rule  XVII.  Prepositions  show  the  relation 
between  nouns  and  pronouns  and  other  words  in  the 
tame  sentence. 

Richmond  is  the  object  of  m,  by 

Rule  XVIII.  Prepositions  are  followed  by  the 
objective  case. 

Flowers  bloom  in  summer.  Rivers  flow  into  the  sea. 
He  came  from  Rome.  Birds  fly  through  the  air.  The 
ball  rolls  along  the  ground. 


CONJUGATIONS.  5© 

LESSON  XXXVIII. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

184.  "  John  writes  and  Thomas  reads."  Here  and 
connects  two  propositions  without  forming  a  part  of 
either. 

It  is  called  a  conjunction,  which  means  joining  to- 
gether. 

185.  A  conjunction  is  a  word  used  to 
connect  words  and  propositions. 

186.  The  principal  conjunctions  are  : — And,  as,  al- 
though, because,  but,  either,  except,  for,  if,  lest,  neither, 
nor,  or,  than,  that,  though,  unless,  whether,  yet. 

INTERJECTIONS. 

187.  The  interjection  is  a  word  used  in  cries  of  pain, 
anger,  sorrow,  calling,  &c.  Thej  are  chiefly,  01  oh! 
ah  !  alas  !  hold  !  shame  !  tush  !  away  !  lo  !  &c. 

188.  There  are  nine  classes  of  words  called  parts  of 
speech. 

189.  They  are  the  Noun,  Pronoun,  Verb,  Adjective, 
Article,  Adverb,  Preposition,  Conjunction,  and  Inter- 
jection. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Mary  and  her  sister  have  come.  And  is  a 
conjunction,  it  is  used  to  connect  words  and  sentence*. 
It  connects  Mary  and  sister,  by 

Rule  XIX.  Conj  u  net  ion  %  connect  words  and 
sentences. 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAU. 

The  winter  is  past  and  spring  has  come.  James  or 
his  brother  will  come  to-morrow.  Peaches,  apples,  and 
pears  grow  in  the  orchard. 


V   •**•.  a  ibv 


■ 


■,..,.'<,     1  ,,       -•     /I/    fog 


PART    SECOND 


-*•»- 


SYNTAX. 


LESSON  XXXIX: 

190.  Syntax  treats  of  the  construction  of  sentence? 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  language. 

191.  Language   consists    of  sentences,    propositions, 
clauses,  and  phrases. 

192.  A  Sentence  is    a   collection    of   words   raal 
complete  sense. 

198-  A  Proposition  imple   assertion  ;  as,   X 

runs. 

.  When  a  sent  but  one  proposition. 

it  fa  wlien  moiv  im- 

pound sentcn 

t    of 
words  introducing  some  n  lepend- 

II 
which  you 

depend 
Clans 


62  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

196.  A  Phrase  is  a  short  expression  like,  in  vain,  in 
fine,  in  short,  to  be  sure,  SfC. 

They  express  a  single  idea  when  taken  together. 
Taken  word  by  word  they  have  no  grammatical  connec- 
tion with  the  rest  of  the  proposition. 


THE    RULES    OF    SYNTAX. 
LESSON  XL. 

197.  Rule  I.  The  subject  of  the  verb  is  put 
in  the  nominative  case. 

198.  The  infinitive,  a  clause,  or  a  sentence,  may  be 
used  as  the  subject  of  the  verb  ;  as,  "  To  err  is  human, 
to  forgive,  divine."  "  Whoever  runs,  may  read." 
"  That  Columbus  discovered  America  is   well   known." 

199.  Rule  II.  The  verb  must  agree  with  its 
subject  in  number  and  person. 

200.  Two  or  more  subjects  connected  by  and  require 
a  plural  verb. 

201.  Two  or  more  subjects  connected  by  or  or  nor 
require  a  singular  verb. 

302.  Collective  nouns  take  a  plural  verb  when  they 
may  be  substituted  for  them,  in  other  cases  the  singular. 

EXERCISES    TO    BE    CORRECTED    AND  PARSED. 

The  clouds  has  dispersed.  The  birds  sings.  There- 
was  three  men  in  the  company.  There  is  men  who  nev- 
er thinlf.  Idleness  and  ignorance  is  the  parent  of  many 
vices.  James  and  John  was  there.  John  or  William 
have  come.     The  horse  or  cow  are  his. 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  88 

A  meeting  were  called.  The  crowd  were  very  great. 
The  council  was  unanimous.  The  assembly  was  divided 
in  opinion. 

LESSON   XLI. 

203.  Rule  III.  The  noun  or  pronoun  in  the 
predicate  agrees  with  the  subject  in  case  ;  as, 
"  It  is  I.  "  "  It  is  he.  "  "  It  is  they." 

204.  The  infinitive  or  a  clause  may  take  the  place  of 
the  noun  :  l<  To  sleep  is  to  dream"  "  The  old  saying 
is,  "  Honesty  is  the  best  policy." 

EXERCISES. 

Correct.     It  was  he  that  said  it.     It  is  they  who  are  ' 
to  blame.     James  is  a  skillful  workman. 

Incorrect.  It  was  me  that  you  saw.  It  is  them.  If 
it  is  them  whom  you  saw,  it  is  right. 

205.  Rule  IV.  A  noun   or   pronoun   limiting 
another  noun  or  pronoun  denoting  the  same  per- 
son or  thing  is  put  in  the  same  case  ;  as,  "  Paul. 
the  Apostle."  "I,  James  Morton,  offer  a  rewai 
This  is  called  Apposition. 

( forrect.     Newton,  the  great  philosopher,  was  an  hum- 
ble Christian.      R  are  mortal.      I  \ 
.lane  and    Mary,    OUT    COUftinB.       7             even    th 

'<  ared. 

Virgil,  him  who 
I  speak  of  Oi 
and  M-  -  k,  our  cou«in. 


64 

LESSON    XLli, 

206.  Rule  V.  A  nom\  or  pronoun  limiting  A- 
other  noun  denoting  rent  person  or   thing 

is  put  in  the  posses  ' 

Or,  The  Po*$esxic>'  t)iiU  tin >■  follow-  n. 

The  possessive  case  modifies  like  an  adjective :  as, 
"  John's  hat,"  Johns  limits  or  describes  hat. 

207.  The  noun,  and  preposition  of,  are  often  used  in- 
stead of  the  possessive  <■.  ."The  hat  of  John," 
for  Johns  hat. 

208.  When  two  or  tl  >uris  in    apposition    follow 
ch  other,  the  sign  of  the  possessive  is  annexed  to    the 

last  ;  as,  "Paul,  the  apostle's  journey. " 

209.  When  the  thing  poi  ]  belongs  to  several  per- 
il     :_  -        anexecl  tst  only;  as,  "  James, 

Thomas,  and  William's  hou. 

When  the  thing  belongs  to  each  one  sepai        v.    the 
d  to  each  ;  as,  "  Webster's        i       Voi 
'  Hctrohariesi.^ 

EXE]  ■ 

red.     He  accompanied  me  I  Mary's  church. 

The  church  of  St.  Mary.      That  is  Brown,  the  printer's 
house.      Smith,  Brown,  and   Jones's  store.     Sargent's 
and  Sanders'  readers.     Sterling  and  Campbell's   series 
•  Our  Own  Books."     The  King  of  ly's    army. 

Incorrect.     This  was  your  fathers  estate.     One  mans 
loss  is  often  another  mans  .'rain.   These  books  arc  the; 
those  are   your's.     The    men    shoes  the     box. 


RULES    OP    SYNTAX.  65 

Daniel's  Websters  speech.     David  and  Solomon's  reign 
were  prosperous.     Mary's  sister's  cousin's  child  is  sick. 


LESSOIS  XLIII. 

210.  Rule  VI.  Adjectives  modify  the  nouns 
and  pronouns  which  they  describe  or  define. 

Definitives  must  agree  with  their   nouns  in   number. 

211.  They  modify  infinitives ;  as,  "  To  see  the  sun  is 
pleasant;"  and  sentences ;  as,  "  That  he  should  have 
refused  the  appointment  is  extraordinary ." 

They  sometimes  modify  other  adjectives ;  as,  "  Red 
hot  iron." 

They  modify  also  a  noun  and  adjective  taken  together 
as  one  idea ;  as,  "A  poor  old  man."  "A  fine  bay 
horse." 

212.  Adjectives  should  not  be  used  in  the  place  of 
adverbs. 

With  the  they  are  used  as  nouns  ;  as,  "  The  rich  are 
not  always  happy." 

213.  When  comparison  is  made  between  two  objects, 
the  comparative  degree  must  be  used  ;  when  it  is  made 
between  three  or  more,  the  superlative  i 

Incorrect.  A  new  barrel  of  flour.  (It  should  be  "  A 
barrel  of  new  flour.")  A  clear  spring  of  water.  A 
green  load  of  wood.  A  new  pair  of  boots.  She  reads 
proper,  writes  neat,  and  sings  elegant.  A  tree  fifty  foot 
high.     Twenty  ton  of  hay. 

James  is  the  tallest  of  the  two.     He  ie  the   oldest   of 

5 
I 


66  ENGLISH     GRAMMAR. 

the  two.     It  is  the  most  best.     His  is  the  bestest.     Eve 
was  the  fairest  of  all  her  daughters. 


LESSON  XLIV. 

214.  Rule  VII.  The  Indefinite  article  limits 
nouns  in  the  singular  number  only. 

215.  Rule  VIII.  The  Definite  article  limits 
nouns  in  the  singular  or  plural  number. 

EXERCISES. 

Correct.  I  saw  a  white  and  black  horse.  A  white 
and  a  black  horse  were  in  the  pasture.  He  has  a  little 
reverence,  but  not  much.  He  has  little,  if  any,  rever- 
ence. 

Incorrect.  Those  sort  of  questions.  These  kind  of 
people  is  troublesome.  He  sold  six  bushels  of  wheat  at 
nine  shilling  a  bushel.  He  bought  an  old  span  of  horses 
and  a  new  set  of  harness.  I  have  a  lemon  and  orange. 
He  may  be  a  judge  or  doctor.  Oak  produces  acorns. 
A  rose  is  the  beautiful  flower. 

216.  Rule  IX.  Pronouns  agree  with  their 
nouns  in  gender,  number,  and  person. 

217.  When  the  pronoun  agrees  with  two  or  more  nouns 
taken  together,  it  must  be  plural ;  but,  when  they  are 
taken  separately,  it  must  be  singular. 

218.  When  there  are  several  persons,  the  first  is  pre- 
ferred to  the  second,  and  the  second  to  the  third ;  as, 
"  James,  you,  and  I  must  study  our  lessons." 

EXERCISES* 

Incorrect.    Rebecca  took  goodly  raiment  and  put  them 


I 


RULES   OF    SUNTAX.  67 

upon  Jacob.  One  cannot  be  too  careful  of  their  reputa- 
tion. George  and  Charles  are  diligent  in  his  studies. 
You  and  I  will  recite  your  lessons.  James  or  John  lost 
their  book. 


LESSON  XLV. 
*    219.  Rule  X.  The   object  of  the    Transitive 
verb  is  put  in  the  objective  case. 

220.  A  few  verbs  not  transitive  take  after  them  a 
noun  of  similar  meaning;  as,  "  To  run  a  race."  "  To 
live  a  life" 

221.  The  infinitives,  participles,  and 
verbal  nouns  have  the  same  government  as  their 
verbs ;  as,  "  to  make  clothes"  "  The  man  making 
clothes"  "  Making  clothes  is  the  tailor's  employment." 
Clothes  is  the  object  in  each  case. 

222.  The  infinitive  or  clause  may  be  used  as  the  ob- 
ject;  as,  "  He  desires  to  learn."  "He  said  that  he 
would  go." 

EXERCISES. 

Incorrect.  Who  did  you  see  ?  He  I  must  punish . 
Thou  have  I  chosen.  She  who  you  met.  He  and  they 
we  know,  but  whom  art  thou  ?  No  one  should  practice 
of  stealing. 

223.  Rule  XL  Verbs  of  asking  and  teaching 
are  followed  by  two  objective  cases,  one  of  the 
person,  and  the  other  of  the  thing;  as,  "He  taught 
me  History."    "  He  asked  me  aquestion." 

224.  When  these  verbs  are  changed  to  the  passive 
form,  the  objective  of  person  becomes  the  subject,  while 


68  ]<WGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

that  of  thing  remains  in  the  objective  case  ;  as,  "  I  was 
taught  Grammar." 

EXERCISES. 

Correct.  Our  parents  love  us.  The  carpenter  builds 
houses.  The  miller  grinds  flour.  He  ran  a  long  race. 
He  lived  a  happy  life.  He  taught  James  Arithmetic. 
William  asked  him  many  questions. 


LESSON  XLVL 
225.  Rule  XII.  Verbs  of  giving,  granting,  al- 
lowing, &c,  are  followed  by  two  objectives,  the 
direct  and  the  indirect  object. 

226.  The  indirect  object  precedes  the  direct,  and  is  prop- 
erly in  the  Dative  case.     See  "  School  Grammar." 

If  it  follows,  it  becomes  a  noun  and  preposition  ;  as, 
u  He  gave  me  a  baok."    "  He  gave  a  book  to  one.1' 

227.  When  these  verbs  take  the  passive  voice,  the 
direct  object  becomes  the  subject,  "while  the  indirect  re- 
mains unchanged  ;  as,  "A  book  was  given  me." 

228.  Rule  XIII.  Verbs  of  choosing,  making, 
rendering,  and  constituting  are  followed  by  two 
objectives,  one  of  the  person,  and  the  other  of 
the  effect  produced ;  as,  "  They  chose  him  gen- 
eral." Choosing  general  is  the  assertion,  him  the 
direct  object,  and  general  the  effect  produced. 

229.  In  the  passive  voice  the  direct  object  becomes 
the  subject,  and  the  object  of  effect  is  put  in  the  same 
case  ;  as,  "  He  was  chosen  general." 

230.  The  object  of  effect  may  be  a  noun  ;  as,  "  They 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  69 

elected  him  President;"  an  adjective;  as,  "They  make 
us  glad"  "  They  esteemed  Socrates  wise  ;."  or,  an  in- 
finitive ;  as,  "  They  made  him  go"  "Thou  wilt  make 
us  to  live." 

231.  The  adjective  in  such  cases  agrees  with  the  noun, 
but  modifies  the  verb  by  expressing  the  effect  produced 
by  its  action. 

232.  Rule  XIV.  Nouns  denoting  duration  of 
time,  distance,  weight,  measure,  and  price  are 
put  in  the  objective  case. 

233.  Rule  XV.  The  words  like,  unlike,  near, 
and  nigh  are  followed  by  the  objective  case. 

[Or,  more  correctly,  the  dative,  as  that  was 
their  former  power.] 

EXERBISES. 

He  gave  me  a  book.  A  present  was  promised  me. 
They  chose  him  secretary.  He  was  chosen  clerk.  It 
made  them  delirious.  They  were  made  delirious.  He 
is  like  his  father.  He  was  sitting  near  me.  His  son  is 
unlike  him.     The  sight  made  him  shout  for  joy. 


LESSON  XLVII. 

234.  Rule  XVI.  Adverbs  modify  verbs,  ad- 
jectives, and  other  adverbs. 

235.  They  sometimes  modify  prepositions,  adjuncts, 
and  phrases  ;  as,  "  Just  below  the  surface."  "  Inde- 
pendently of  these  things."     "  I  lived  almost  in  vain." 

236.  Yes,  no,  yea,  nay,  and  amen,  are  used  indepen- 
dently.    TJiere,  when  it  begins  a  sentence,  is  simply  an 


70  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 

introductory  word  without  any  force  in  the  sentence  ; 
as,  "  There  was  a  man."  It  is  used  when  the  subject  is 
to  be  put  after  the  verb.  Adverbs  are  sometimes  used 
as  nouns  ;  as,  "  Until  now."     "  Since  when." 

237.  Rule  XVII.  Prepositions  connect  words 
and  show  the  relation  between  them. 

238.  Rule  XVIII.  The  object  of  the  preposi- 
tion is  put  in  the  objective  case. 

239.  Rule  XIX.  Conjunctions  connect  words 
and  sentences. 

240.  When  they  connect  words,  they  may  be  consid- 
ered as  connecting  sentences ;  as,  "  James  and  John 
were  studying,"  that  is,  "  James  was  studying,  and 
John  was  studying." 

241.  Rule  XX.  The  interjections  O  !  oh!  ah! 
are  followed  by  the  objective  of  the  first  persou 
and  the  vocative  of  the  second. 

EXERCISES. 

He  heard  him  gladly.  The  journey  was  very  tire- 
some. He  outran  him  very  easily.  Just  above  the 
house  there  was  a  large  tree.  Did  you  hear  me  ?  Yes. 
There  is  a  happy  land  far,  far  away.  I  had  not  heard 
it  until  now.  He  left  on  Monday.  James  and  his 
brother*came  with  me.  They  came  with  the  intention 
of  speaking. 

LESSON  XLVIII. 

242.  Rule  XXI.  The  Infinitive  depends  upon 
verbs,  adjectives,  and  nouns. 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  73 

243.  The  infinitive,  in  its  nature,  is  a  verbal  noun, 
and  may  be  used  as  a  noun  in  nearly  all  cases  ;  as,  "To 
lie  is  base,"  (subject.)  *4  To  lie  is  to  deceive,"  (predi- 
cate.) "  He  loves  to  flay"  (object.)  "  He  taught  him 
to  write"  or  "  He  taught  him  writing."  "  They  chose 
him  to  lead  the  way,"  or  "  They  chose  him  as  guide." 
"  He  permitted  him  to  choose."  "  He  permitted  or 
granted  him  the  choice." 

244.  It  also  denotes  the  purpose,  and  is  equal  to  a 
contracted  sentence  ;  as,  "  He  prepared  to  go"  that  is, 
"  He  prepared  that  he  might  go."  "  He  reads  to 
learn."     "  He  reads  that  he  may  learn." 

245.  Rule  XXII.  The  simple  infinitive — with- 
out to — is  used  after  bid,  feel,  do,  have,  hear, 
let,  make,  need,  see ;  and  also  after  may,  can, 
will,  shall,  must,  when  used  as  auxiliaries. 

246.  Rule  XXIII.  The  infinitive  has  some- 
times a  subject  in  the  objective  case  ;  as,  "I  be- 
lieve him  to  be  dishonest." 

247.  Rule  XXIV.  Participles  refer   to   nouns 

or  pronouns. 

248.  Rule  XXV.  A  noun  or  pronoun  joined 

with  a  participle  having  no  dependence  upon 
other  words  is  put  in  the  nominative  case  abso- 
lute; as,  uHe  being  defeated,  the  army  returns 

249.  Rule  XXVI.  The  name  of  the  person  or 
thing  addressed  is  put  in  the  vocative  case. 

•  EXERCISES. 

He  desires  to  go  abroad.     He  is  anxious  to  hear  the 


72  ENGLISH   GRAMMAR. 

news.  There  is  a  time  to  die.  He  let  him  go  without 
farther  trouble.  He  desired  us  to  come  with  him.  John 
having  learned  his  lesson  recited  it.  He  being  dead,  we 
shall  live.  John,  come  here.  0  judgment,  thou  art 
fled  to  brutish  beasts. 


LESSON   XLIX. 

GENERAL   EXERCISES   ON    THE   RULES   OF  SYNTAX. 

Calm  was  the  day  and  the  scene  delightful.  There  is 
always  a  calm  after  a  storm.  We  strove  to  calm  his 
fears.  They  think  of  me.  They  think  little  of  their 
duty.  A  little  labor  would  have  finished  it.  He  is  still 
afraid.  Still  waters  are  commonly  deep.  The  air  is 
damp.  Guilt  casts  a  damp  over  every  pleasure.  Many 
persons  came  to  see  us.  Few,  very  few,  are  those  who 
win  the  prize.  His  years  are  more  than  hers,  but  he 
has  not  more  knowledge.  Every  being  loves  its  like. 
Honor  thy  father  and  thy  mother,  that  thy  days  may  be 
long  in  the  land  which  the  Lord  thy  God  giveth  thee. 
To  do  to  others  as  we  would  that  they  should  d£  to  us, 
is  the  golden  rule.  Yesterday  was  a  fine  day.  We 
shall  arrive  to-day.  In  singing  as  in  piping  you  excel. 
The  tree  is  as  tall  as  the  house.  The  pine  is  taller  than 
the  maple.  I  know  not  what  you  say.  Whoever  is  in- 
dustrious will  excel.  One  while  we  thought  him  inno- 
cent. There  is  no  man  that  sinneth  not.  The  storm 
beats  the  trees  against  one  another.  To  live  soberly  and 
righteously  is  required  of  all  men.  One  added  to  nine* 
teen  makes  twenty.  I  intended  to  call  on  my  way 
home.     Neither  despise  the  poor   nor   envy  the  rich. 


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